The AE911Truth Petition
To the Members of the House of Representatives and of the Senate of the United States of America,
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE THAT:
On Behalf of the People of the United States of America, the undersigned Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth and affiliates hereby petition for, and demand, a truly independent investigation with subpoena power in order to uncover the full truth surrounding the events of 9/11/01 – specifically the collapses of the World Trade Center Towers and Building 7. We believe there is sufficient doubt about the official story and therefore the 9/11 investigation must be re-opened and must include a full inquiry into the possible use of explosives that might have been the actual cause of the destruction of the World Trade Center Twin Towers and Building 7.
Featured Petition Signers
Mark R. Phillips, Mech.Eng
BSME, Cal Poly, SLO
There are numerous unexplained phenomena that lead me to reject the official conspiracy theory advanced by the government. Some of the most compelling are the explosive projections observed…
Mark R. Phillips, Mech.Eng
BSME, Cal Poly, SLO
Santa Rosa, CA
I graduated summa cum laude, no. 1 in my class from Cal Poly State University in San Luis Obispo, CA in 1991. I worked for a year as an intern prior to graduation and for 12 years afterwards as a machine designer of turbo expanders.
There are numerous unexplained phenomena that lead me to reject the official conspiracy theory advanced by the government. Some of the most compelling are the explosive projections observed from well below the collapse zone and the discovery of molten metal during the collapse and in the debris. Any theory that ignores these important pieces of data will always be viewed as illegitimate by any serious investigator.
John Rexroat, Mfr. Engineer
Degreed
John Rexroat, Mfr. Engineer
Degreed
Walnut Creek, CA
Mary Ann O'hara, AIA
Principal/Partner AIA
degreed & licensed
I support a new investigation.
Mary Ann O'hara, AIA
degreed & licensed
Oak Brook, IL
Occupation: Principal/Partner AIA
We met in Chicago Convention.
I support a new investigation.
John E. Garner, PE
Consulting Civil Engineer
BS Civil Engineering, Arizona State University, 1989
It is inconceivable that the thee WTC buildings imploded, symmetrically, with complete obliteration due to a plane crashing into the north and south tower, respectively. Physics, engineering, architecture,…
John E. Garner, PE
BS Civil Engineering, Arizona State University, 1989
Fort Collins, CO
Occupation: Consulting Civil Engineer
I have a BS in Civil Engineering from Arizona State University, 1989. I'm a licensed Professional Engineer in Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado and I've been a practicing consulting engineer since 1989. I've been involved in the design of many multi-discipline facilities for water and wastewater systems. I've overseen the construction of facilities since 1989, and prior as a construction worker.
It is inconceivable that the thee WTC buildings imploded, symmetrically, with complete obliteration due to a plane crashing into the north and south tower, respectively. Physics, engineering, architecture, and design code have never before, nor will they ever in the future, facilitate such uniform destruction without the benefit of controlled demolition. The general public is easily convinced that building failure can happen as witnessed; however, educated, trained, and experienced professionals know better.
Daniele Digregorio
Architect
degreed & licensed
In my opinion, is not phisically possible that the twin towers fallen at that speed without explosives.
Daniele Digregorio
degreed & licensed
Casale Monferrato, Italy
Occupation: Architect
I studied architecture in the Politechnic of Turin, Italy, and I worked in university for an Atelier of projecting.
In my opinion, is not phisically possible that the twin towers fallen at that speed without explosives.
Bryan Culbert
Engineer
B.S. Electrical Engineering, Michigan State University at Ann Arbor, 2018 Ann Arbor
Every piece of scientific evidence I've seen points toward a controlled demolition of the WTC Towers. Based on my engineering background (in particular in physics) and the evidence…
Bryan Culbert
B.S. Electrical Engineering, Michigan State University at Ann Arbor, 2018 Ann Arbor
Westland, MI
Occupation: Engineer
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. 2.5 years of experience as electrical engineer in the marketplace.
Every piece of scientific evidence I've seen points toward a controlled demolition of the WTC Towers. Based on my engineering background (in particular in physics) and the evidence of the event, these towers could not have fallen from the plane crash and resulting fire.
Jerome Freedman, PhD
Software Engineer
BS Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 1962
I was scheduled on a flight to Chicago for a meeting with other Network Associates engineers when my wife was watching the collapse of building 2 on September…
Jerome Freedman, PhD
BS Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 1962
Greenbrae, CA
Occupation: Software Engineer
PhD 1981 Computer Science, Columbia Pacific University. MS 1968 Physics, University of Chicago. MA 1965 Physics, Washington University. BS 1962 Chemical Engineering, Purdue University. I spent 44 years working as a software engineer for several high profile companies as well as the Technical Committee of the Department of Justice as an expert witness in their antitrust suit against Microsoft for 7 years.
I was scheduled on a flight to Chicago for a meeting with other Network Associates engineers when my wife was watching the collapse of building 2 on September 11, 2001. I was stunned and felt that there was something wrong with the picture. A few years later I saw a video of the collapse of building 7 and recognized immediately that it was a planned demolition. At that time, I became truly outraged at the lies that were being told. As I watched the video, I realized that 9/11 was probably a 'false flag' attack. All my friends thought and still think I am crazy. Signing this petition is important to me in my role as a teacher of Buddhist Meditation in the tradition of Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh. We must have the truth be told so that our confidence in the government can be restored.
Helen B. B. Casey
Angry Grandmother
Full of baloney. There were definitely explosives in those buildings. The cover-ups for 9/11 are sickening and something needs to be done about it.
Helen B. B. Casey
Locust Valley, NY
Occupation: Angry Grandmother
Grandmother and very concerned about US lies about 9/11. This needs to be shared with everyone who is believing the lies we are being told.
Full of baloney. There were definitely explosives in those buildings. The cover-ups for 9/11 are sickening and something needs to be done about it.
Gregory T. Winchel
Building Constuction
Wasn't in New York on that day but observed strange behavior on the part of the government and military in the days and weeks leading up to 9/11.…
Gregory T. Winchel
Cedarville, CA
Occupation: Building Constuction
Nurseryman by trade, but have also worked in the construction industry
Wasn't in New York on that day but observed strange behavior on the part of the government and military in the days and weeks leading up to 9/11. I am an ardent supporter of the truth! I do not believe the official Lie on what happened on that day.
Jorge E. Zambrana, Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer, Structural, UMSA La Paz
In WTC7 the floors fell down too fast as if they collapsed simultaneously; as a sand castle. It is very suspicious. In WTC1-2 the floors collapsed beginning from…
Jorge E. Zambrana, Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer, Structural, UMSA La Paz
La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
Occupation: Civil Engineer
30 years experience as structural engineer, water and sewage, bridges, estimates, specs, supervision and consulting designs.
In WTC7 the floors fell down too fast as if they collapsed simultaneously; as a sand castle. It is very suspicious. In WTC1-2 the floors collapsed beginning from up at the roof, as if they were exploded by controlled demolition.
Richard Thurmond, BSEE, MSCENG
Electrical & Computer Engineer
BSEE, MSCENG, Univ. So. California
I understand that buildings can't fall at free fall speed if some of the gravitational potential energy is used up in blowing out windows, bending columns. Also, it…
Richard Thurmond, BSEE, MSCENG
BSEE, MSCENG, Univ. So. California
Cobb, CA
Occupation: Electrical & Computer Engineer
I studied physics as part of my electrical engineering degree. Since graduating I have studied physics on the side and always had an interest in the subject.
I understand that buildings can't fall at free fall speed if some of the gravitational potential energy is used up in blowing out windows, bending columns. Also, it seems to me that a building would tip over rather than fall into its own strongest supports. It seems logical, then, that the buildings were helped. I would be interested in seeing whether the columns from the core were bent and twisted or cut in pieces by the destruction.
Richard Florentino, BSCE, MSEnvE
Environmental Engineer
B.S Civil Engineering, Columbia University, 1970 MS Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, 1971
Had some doubts about the twin towers collapse soon(several months)after 911 but did not pursue the matter. Heard from others stories of 'conspiracy' but got the feeling from…
Richard Florentino, BSCE, MSEnvE
B.S Civil Engineering, Columbia University, 1970 MS Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, 1971
Staten Island, NY
Occupation: Environmental Engineer
BSCE Columbia Univ 1970; MSEnvE Univ of Illinois 1971Worked 40 years in the design, construction, start-up and operations/maintenance of large multi-million dollar wastewater treatment facilities. Especially skilled in troubleshooting.
Had some doubts about the twin towers collapse soon(several months)after 911 but did not pursue the matter. Heard from others stories of 'conspiracy' but got the feeling from relatives who lost loved ones that day that any discussion of an 'inside job' was hurtful for them. In total I 'went along' with official story - but always felt that it was strange that the 'top floors' plunged straight down so smoothly and didn't tumble off to side. The Truth in Focus conference was a welcome relief for me. To hear the analyses from others who know that physics does not take a 'day off'.
Petition Signatories
David M. Thomas, Deacon Of Sda Ch
Big Spring, TX
Occupation: Sda Theology
Education: Associate of Science
David M. Thomas, Deacon Of Sda Ch
Associate of Science
Big Spring, TX
Occupation: Sda Theology
I am an Seventh Day Adventist Christian who believes that the false flag terrorism is one of many crimes against humanity.
The proof that these gentlemen and ladies provide will be undeniable in a court of law. May this evidence be brought before the highest courts of the land immediately!! Read these books: Secret History of the Jesuits, National Sunday Law, and The Great Controversy. Thank you for the urgent attention these proofs deserve!! DMT.
Danielle Leonardi
Lowell, MA
Occupation: Other
Danielle Leonardi
Lowell, MA
Occupation: Other
I'm a 36 year old single mother of a two and a half year old gorgeous baby boy. If not for this generation then at least for the next generation, the truth needs to finally be known. I support fully and completely another independent investigation. There are way too many questions left open and unanswered.
Steel doesn't burn, simple. Too many things have been brought to light that prove explosives-
Andrew I. English, BA (Hons)
London, OH
Occupation: Jeweller
Andrew I. English, BA (Hons)
London, OH
Occupation: Jeweller
I have no Architectural or Engineering Qualifications. My qualifications are based in metal work and jewelery, from Coventry University BA (Hons) level.
My personal reasons for signing this petition are based purely in the wish to see the events of that day explained in full. What I have read and watched about 9/11 both official and non-official have many unexplained and contradictory factors, at no other time in history can I remember such contrary reports about such an event. Here in London we had a terrorist event in 2005 on 7th July, we are only now seeing the events of that day being brought to light with a full and comprehensive investigation. The events here in London where horrific and my heart goes out to those family's who have had to rebuild there lives because of it. But the events of 11th September 2001 in New York are of a scale hard to comprehend, they lead to war and the loss of life of an uncountable amount of innocent people in lands far from America. A independent, transparent and truthful investigation has to happen for many reasons and the longer it does not the more questions will arise.
Leetta K. Arkills
Woodway, TX
Occupation: Woodworker
Leetta K. Arkills
Woodway, TX
Occupation: Woodworker
Female, age 52, originally from in Flint Michigan, Living in Woodway TX. married to a brick maker.
I wonder if the information about the structure is public information. Like steel load capacity, and perhaps things like load bearing beams, etc. Al Qaeda may have known this information as well. Why did Al- Qaeda pick the building that was so impenetrable? The 'grid' on the outside walls raised curiosity. They are a formidable enemy, after all. We all know by looking at the evidence, that it didn't go quite as intended. We all suspect demolition. We don't blame the plane. That would take the blame off Al Qaeda. No one has a theory about how Al- Queda sneaked into the building to set-up demolition. Who ever set this up had access to the building.
Julie Hoster, MS, BS
Seneca Falls, NY
Occupation: Public Health Sanitarian
Education: M.S. Acupuncture/ B.S
Julie Hoster, MS, BS
M.S. Acupuncture/ B.S
Seneca Falls, NY
Occupation: Public Health Sanitarian
My technical experience does not allow me to make any comments regarding the events of 9/11. I am just a concerned citizen and wish to see a full investigation into the events of 9/11.
Again, I do not possess the technical knowledge to make any judgment regarding the collapses. I just wish to support the individuals who recognized the destruction of the World Trade Center was not a result of the two planes that crashed into them and of course had nothing to do with the collapse of Building 7.
Benjamin I. Petrie
Akron, OH
Occupation: Distribution
Benjamin I. Petrie
Akron, OH
Occupation: Distribution
A concerned American citizen that seeks the truth in regards to 9/11. In the past 3 months alone I have done my own independent research into 9/11 and am convinced the government has lied to the American people.V
Eyewitness accounts of explosions prior to the towers collapse. Building 7 is obvious. And I still have yet to see any video of a commercial airliner hitting the Pentagon. Flight 93?
Stanley A. Degloria
Largo, FL
Occupation: Supervisor
Education: Degreed
Stanley A. Degloria
Degreed
Largo, FL
Occupation: Supervisor
CéCile Dudli
Lapland, NS, Canada
Occupation: Dog Groomer
Education: degreed & licensed
CéCile Dudli
degreed & licensed
Lapland, NS, Canada
Occupation: Dog Groomer
I do not have any technical education. I am just a dog groomer and natural pet therapist.
The official version doesn't make sense to me. The way the towers fell, the hole in the towers from the plane, how the Pentagon was looking like after the crash there. The hole in the ground that should be the crash down from the forth airplane, I have never seen an airplane hitting the ground like this. That they found the Passport from the high-checker in all that debris and dust. Everything was pulverized, burned, melted...but that passport was still readable. And so on and on.
Paula L. Morphew
Bemidji, MN
Occupation: Cook
Paula L. Morphew
Bemidji, MN
Occupation: Cook
I am mostly a self taught cook. I am not college educated, which may be a plus. I just try to use critical thinking and keep an open mind. I am not always sure what the truth really is, but I am pretty good at spotting the blatant lie. I am a seeker.
I was watching when the buildings came down and uneducated as I am, I could see it was a controlled demolition. Thank you for putting this information together in a professional way from a professional standpoint. Hopefully the truth will set us free.
Maryann Mccabe
London, United Kingdom
Occupation: Psychotherapist
Maryann Mccabe
London, United Kingdom
Occupation: Psychotherapist
I have joint citizenship, US and UK, having immigrated to the UK in 1985. I have a private practice as a psychotherapist. I am interested in restoring integrity to political systems as well as personal lives.
It has been obvious to me for many years, since first watching Loose Change, that something is terribly wrong with the official story about 9/11.
Michael R. Mcguire, Electronic Engin
Toronto, ON, Canada
Education: Diploma
Michael R. Mcguire, Electronic Engin
Diploma
Toronto, ON, Canada
I am a young recent grad, who has traveled in Europe for 4 months, and am now working for myself.
After 10 years, I cannot believe so little progress has been made in this investigation. Something is broken when legitimate concerns about America's biggest domestic attack cannot be raised in congress or the media.
Paul Blackwolf
Perth, WA, Australia
Occupation: Truths.
Education: degreed & licensed
Paul Blackwolf
degreed & licensed
Perth, WA, Australia
Occupation: Truths.
Deborah Barclay
Glastonbury, CT
Occupation: Healthcare/Activism
Deborah Barclay
Glastonbury, CT
Occupation: Healthcare/Activism
Healthcare practitioner, activist for VET, children's rights. Activist for Family/Juvenile court, CPS Restructure. Advocate for the restoration of the Courts back to the People and Restoration of checks/balances in Government Agencies and Restoration of the Firewalls in Government branches. Governance over the Legal Profession. Privatization and limited but EFFECTIVE governance NOT partnerships in scams and crimes upon the People. A 4th Branch of Government presided over by ONLY the PEOPLE to Fire & Penalize ANY government employee, official and Poltician with Final Authority. Restoration of our FREE Republic and Discarding Democracy which means in Greek: RULE over the people and has always FAILED.
Thomas R. Wells
Houston, TX
Occupation: Mechanical
Thomas R. Wells
Houston, TX
Occupation: Mechanical
I'm 38, and I vote. I'm fairly well educated, though I hold no degree.
Building 7, if nothing else, begs the question, what is really going on. I am in total support of a new investigation into 9/11. I would gladly volunteer my time in any way I can to this growing movement.
Carolyn S. Sengstacken, Citizen
Grasonville, MD
Occupation: Two Year College
Carolyn S. Sengstacken, Citizen
Grasonville, MD
Occupation: Two Year College
82 years as a responsible citizen. Traveled. Well read. Artist. Photographer. Always done volunteer work: Girl Scouts; Boy Scouts; Church groups; Women's club; Hospital; Garden club. Outraged.
So many unanswered questions, so much at stake, further investigation seems mandatory.
Thavaris D. Dority, Student
Grand Rapids, MI
Occupation: Student Of Life
Education: FAU
Thavaris D. Dority, Student
FAU
Grand Rapids, MI
Occupation: Student Of Life
Chris Ward
Northallerton, AL
Education: student
Chris Ward
student
Northallerton, AL
i have 2 years of building structure and engineering study behind me now. I'm 22, live in England, research steel framed buildings, and am very interested in the 9/11 truth.
I believe that the American government is behind a lot of things, including the war between Iraq and Iran, as your American government gave chemical weapons to Iraq, which also raises suspicion about whether the American government just let the terrorists hijack American planes and destroy the twin towers. There are a lot of obvious lies surrounding this subject such as the fact that one of the towers was said to have collapsed because the steel frame melted, but if it had melted, then people couldn't have survived in the plane hole. Yet there were people waiting for rescue. And they said no explosives were used, but many people close by heard them. And the coincidence that the same day that most of the fighter jets protecting the country were on a training day and there were only 9 fighter jets left to protect America.
Ashlee M. Talley
Dallas, TX
Occupation: Law
Education: Political Science
Ashlee M. Talley
Political Science
Dallas, TX
Occupation: Law
I am a 24 year old college student who has woken up to what is really going on in the world and would love to see a new investigation into 9/11.
I fully believe that science proves the World Trade Center collapses where aided with explosives that brought them down in their entirty in a matter of seconds, and exploding them into dust.
Katharina Mahlinghaus
Wuppertal, Nrw
Occupation: Selbststâ§Ndig
Education: selbststÁ¤ndig
Katharina Mahlinghaus
selbststÁ¤ndig
Wuppertal, Nrw
Occupation: Selbststâ§Ndig
Brandon D. Sparks
WinstonSalem, NC
Occupation: Informed Citizen
Brandon D. Sparks
WinstonSalem, NC
Occupation: Informed Citizen
I am a 26 year old professional that works full time. I have been to four different colleges but never found what I wanted to study, so I never completed it. I am a very intelligent and open-minded individual. The meaning of life from my viewpoint is to Love and Learn while we're here. Peace and Harmony to all!
There are too many holes in the story we have been told. There is too much evidence that shows this was a planned event from within our own country (possibly with some outside help too). Six of the ten 9/11 Commissioners have come forward in the past couple of years and publicly stated the report was set up to fail. We need to demand answers and hold those truly responsible accountable for the crimes on humanity. Peace, Love and Truth for all!
Jason Farrin
Boothbay, ME
Occupation: Mechanics And Labor
Jason Farrin
Boothbay, ME
Occupation: Mechanics And Labor
Otto Kroupa
Troy, MT
Occupation: Building Contractor
Otto Kroupa
Troy, MT
Occupation: Building Contractor
Some college education. Interest in ancient architecture, history, languages, political science, anthropology, physics, astronomy and geometry.
The evidence I have looked at regarding inexplicable collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 requires an investigation.
James Rozaklis, BA
Boulder, CO
Occupation: Linguistics
Education: B.A., Linguistics, CU Boulder
James Rozaklis, BA
B.A., Linguistics, CU Boulder
Boulder, CO
Occupation: Linguistics
Kevin Large
Newport, Wales, United Kingdom
Occupation: Telecommunications
Kevin Large
Newport, Wales, United Kingdom
Occupation: Telecommunications
I have been a maintenance telecommunications engineer for over 30 years.
In the cold light of day, having reviewed all the available evidence, it is abundantly clear to me that the collapse of the WTC's buildings was due to controlled explosions and therefore the entire events of that day have to be reinvestigated to uncover the truth.
Kevin M. O'brien
Littleton, NH
Occupation: Registered Investment Advisor
Education: BS Business Administration Stonehill Co
Kevin M. O'brien
BS Business Administration Stonehill Co
Littleton, NH
Occupation: Registered Investment Advisor
I am a member of the rapidly growing collection of thinking Americans no longer willing to just accept what is being rained down upon us as truth and fact. Looking under the hood with the help of A&E for Truth, we can not accept the half truths of explanation offered by the Federal Government.
Given the overwhelming scientific information that contradicts the official explanation of what happened to the Twin towers and Building 7, all thinking individuals have to question the findings of the official investigation. Let's do it now and NOT bury the Truth.
Natalie Steshik N. Steshik
Orlando, FL
Occupation: Marketing
Education: BSBA Marketing
Natalie Steshik N. Steshik
BSBA Marketing
Orlando, FL
Occupation: Marketing
Almost 10 years after the collapse of the World Trade Center, we should have already had some viable answers by now. We deserve to know the truth.
Provide the American people with a fair and justified investigation. Eyewitnesses stories? Thermite findings? All elements necessary for structural demolition.
Verna M. Webb
Grants Pass, OR
Occupation: Mother
Verna M. Webb
Grants Pass, OR
Occupation: Mother
I have no technical training. I am a US citizen. A mother and Grandmother. Verna M. Webb
Reading of statements and listening to video recordings of eye witness accounts has made me question what really took place on 9/11.
Henri Vaillancourt
Greenville, NH
Occupation: Builder
Henri Vaillancourt
Greenville, NH
Occupation: Builder
Self employed with a good deal of residential construction experience and a basic understanding of engineering and physics.
it is fundamentally impossible for a free standing 47 story building with virtually no damage to suddenly collapse in a basic free fall without carefully planted explosives....damage to a part of the building through an impact or explosion would have caused collapse of that section with the remainder of the building left relatively intact.
Amy N. Cox
Lester, WV
Occupation: Science And Structure
Amy N. Cox
Lester, WV
Occupation: Science And Structure
Dick Merklin
North Platte, NE
Occupation: Retired
Dick Merklin
North Platte, NE
Occupation: Retired
I am a retired locomotive engineer, from Union Pacific R.R. I was also a Union Labor leader for 28 of my 30 years with the U.P.R.R. In addition, I was an International Delegate for my Union for 24 years, dealing with management and government officials.
I have never believed what the government has put out with regards to how the WTC buildings came down as they did. There is certainly a lot more to be told (the truth would be nice) about what happened.
David Brooks
Saint John, NB, Canada
Occupation: English
Education: M.A. (English, UNB,1992)
David Brooks
M.A. (English, UNB,1992)
Saint John, NB, Canada
Occupation: English
Born 1960. While I have no technical background (save what I've learned from such groups as Architects and Engineers for 9-11 Truth), I have three university degrees and am therefore familiar with critical thinking and academic discourse. What I have learned over the past ten years from 9-11 researchers such as David Ray Griffin suggests we have been sold a public myth rather than scientific fact. Profound thanks to those courageous professionals who are willing to risk their careers in the cause of truth.
Numerous scholarly books and articles--not to mention the documentary film 9-11: Blueprint For Truth--have the cumulative effect of undermining the authorized conspiracy theory regarding September 11th. Thanks to the diligent work of such groups as Architects and Engineers for 9-11 Truth, we are ready to insist on a new and independent public investigation with full subpoena powers.
Scott Clarke
Atherton, CA
Occupation: Photographic Arts
Scott Clarke
Atherton, CA
Occupation: Photographic Arts
I am an award winning photographer who studied at San Francisco's Academy of Art University. I am also a musician of 30 years. I have traveled the United States playing before thousands of fans.
I first took interest in the topic because of a movie I saw online called Zeitgeist which really got my attention. After more research I found the documentary Loose Change which opened more questions. I soon realized that millions of people believed the official story was fictitious and that the evidence for the buildings to fall due to fire held no water. I purchased Dr. Steven Jones' lecture as well as Richard Gage's DVDs on this site and had to come to the realization that professionals questioned the official story as well. I want a fair and independent investigation to take place. I want the truth.
Marley Engvall
Northampton, MA
Occupation: Electrician
Education: degreed & licensed
Marley Engvall
degreed & licensed
Northampton, MA
Occupation: Electrician
I am a union electrician, governed by the laws of physics, familiar with the concepts of velocity, acceleration, gravity and free fall.
The NIST report makes no attempt to explain what would have caused WTC Building 7 to collapse as though unimpeded by structural resistance.